Biochemical Assessment of Iron, Creatinine and Urea in Patients with Chronic kidney Failure Undergoing Hemodialysis in Relation to Anemia
Keywords:
Hemodialysis, Anemia, Kidney
Abstract
Chronic renal failure (CRF) is the most prevalent worldwide public health problem affecting
the elderly population. The main cause of CRF is a damaged kidney. Dialysis cannot completely
perform lost kidney function, but to some extent, it manages its activities by means of diffusion and
ultrafiltration. In this study, 29 patients were recruited; 17 males and 12 females undergoing
hemodialysis. After taking information from the patients through a questionnaire, the following results
were obtained; The CRF in patients who have overweight body mass index (BMI) were the highest
percentage. The patients were divided into three groups based on their duration for hemodialysis
(≤1year, 2years, ≥years) for evaluating complete blood count parameters: Total RBC, Total WBC, Hb,
Hct, MCV, MCH, MCHC and RDW. There were no significant differences between them. For
biochemical parameters, blood sugar was significantly higher in patients with a duration of
hemodialysis ≤1year when compared with ≥3years. At the same time, blood sugar was significantly
higher in patients with a duration of hemodialysis of two years when compared with ≥3years. Serum
iron, S.creatinine and S.urea: no significant differences were observed during comparison of the three
groups. A statistically significant correlation was found between systolic blood pressure and hematocrit
(p≤0.05). At the same time, a significant correlation was found between diastolic blood pressure and
total platelets count (p≤0.05), while other test results were not statistically significant (p>0.05).
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hemodialysis patients: results from the frequent hemodialysis network study. American journal
of nephrology, 33(5), pp.398-406.
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patients with non-dialysis chronic kidney disease and anemia in the United States: review of
the literature. Journal of medical economics, 13(2), pp.241-256.
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patients. American journal of kidney diseases, 68(1), pp.110-121.
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Body mass index in 1.2 million adolescents and risk for end-stage renal disease. Archives of
internal medicine, 172(21), pp.1644-1650.
Winocour, P.H., 2018. Diabetes and chronic kidney disease: an increasingly common multi‐morbid
disease in need of a paradigm shift in care. Diabetic Medicine, 35(3), pp.300-305.
Prevalence, treatment, and control of hypertension in chronic hemodialysis patients in the United
States. The American journal of medicine, 115(4), pp.291-297.
Al-Sayyari, A.A. and Shaheen, F.A., 2011. End stage chronic kidney disease in Saudi Arabia. Saudi
Med J, 32(4), pp.339-346.
Bernardi, S., Toffoli, B., Bossi, F., Candido, R., Stenner, E., Carretta, R., Barbone, F. and Fabris,B.,
2017.
Circulating osteoprotegerin is associated with chronic kidney disease in hypertensive patients. BMC
nephrology, 18, pp.1-9.
Besarab, A., Kaiser, J.W. and Frinak, S., 1999. A study of parenteral iron regimens in hemodialysis
patients. American journal of kidney diseases, 34(1), pp.21-28.
Cerdas, M., 2005. Chronic kidney disease in Costa Rica. Kidney International, 68, pp.S31-S33.
Chielle, E.O., Rigon, K.A., Arcari, I.A., Stein, V. and Santos, G.A.D., 2015. Influence of hemodialysis
on the plasma concentration of adenosine deaminase in patients with chronic kidney
disease. Jornal brasileiro de patologia e medicina laboratorial, 51, pp.153-157.
Devi, T.R., Gunasekaran, S., Hudson, J.W. and Joybell, I.S.A., 2009. Analysis on renal failure patients
blood samples: characterization and efficacy study. Indian Journal of Science and
Technology, 2(2), pp.46-50.
Dorgalaleh, A., Mahmudi, M., Tabibian, S., Khatib, Z.K., Tamaddon, G.H., Moghaddam, E.S., Bamedi,
T., Alizadeh, S. and Moradi, E., 2013. Anemia and thrombocytopenia in acute and chronic renal
failure. International journal of hematology-oncology and stem cell research, 7(4), p.34.
Fishbane, S., Kowalski, E.A., Imbriano, L.J. and Maesaka, J.K., 1996. The evaluation of iron status in
hemodialysis patients. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology, 7(12), pp.2654-2657.
Halle, M.P., Nelson, M., Kaze, F.F., Jean Pierre, N.M.O., Denis, T., Fouda, H. and Ashuntantang, E.G.,
2020. Non-adherence to hemodialysis regimens among patients on maintenance hemodialysis
in sub-Saharan Africa: an example from Cameroon. Renal Failure, 42(1), pp.1022-1028.
Hodges, V.M., Rainey, S., Lappin, T.R. and Maxwell, A.P., 2007. Pathophysiology of anemia and
erythrocytosis. Critical reviews in oncology/hematology, 64(2), pp.139-158.
Iwasa, Y., Otsubo, S., Nomoto, K., Yashiro, N., Yajima, A., Kimata, N., Akiba, T. and Nitta, K., 2012.
Prevalence of intracranial artery calcification in hemodialysis patients—a case–control
study. International urology and nephrology, 44, pp.1223-1228.
Kuneš, J. and Zicha, J., 2009. The interaction of genetic and environmental factors in the etiology of
hypertension. Physiological research, 58(Suppl 2), pp. S33-S41.
Lau, W.L., Kalantar-Zadeh, K. and Vaziri, N.D., 2015. The gut as a source of inflammation in chronic
kidney disease. Nephron, 130(2), pp.92-98.
Levey, A.S., Eckardt, K.U., Tsukamoto, Y., Levin, A., Coresh, J., Rossert, J., Zeeuw, D.D., Hostetter,
T.H., Lameire, N. and Eknoyan, G., 2005. Definition and classification of chronic kidney
disease: a position statement from Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes
(KDIGO). Kidney international, 67(6), pp.2089-2100.
London, G.M. and Drüeke, T.B., 1997. Atherosclerosis and arteriosclerosis in chronic renal
failure. Kidney international, 51(6), pp.1678-1695., T.B., 1997. Atherosclerosis and
arteriosclerosis in chronic renal failure. Kidney international, 51(6), pp.1678-1695.
London, G.M., Marchais, S.J., Safar, M.E., Genest, A.F., Guerin, A.P., Metivier, F., Chedid, K. and
London, A.M., 1990. Aortic and large artery compliance in end-stage renal failure. Kidney
international, 37(1), pp.137-142.
Mehmood, Y., Ali, I. and Ashraf, U., 2019. HEMODIALYSIS;: ACUTE INTRADIALYTIC
COMPLICATIONS FOUND ON MAINTENANCE HEMODIALYSIS IN PATIENTS AT A
PUBLIC HOSPITAL LAHORE. The Professional Medical Journal, 26(01), pp.45-50.
Nishizawa, Y., Shoji, T., Ishimura, E., Inaba, M. and Morii, H., 2001. Paradox of risk factors for
cardiovascular mortality in uremia: is a higher cholesterol level better for atherosclerosis in
uremia?. American journal of kidney diseases, 38(4), pp.S4-S7.
Orantes, C.M., Herrera, R., Almaguer, M., Brizuela, E.G., Hernández, C.E., Bayarre, H., Amaya, J.C.,
Calero, D.J., Orellana, P., Colindres, R.M. and Velázquez, M.E., 2011. Chronic kidney disease
and associated risk factors in the Bajo Lempa region of El Salvador: Nefrolempa study,
2009. MEDICC review, 13, pp.14-22.
Port, F.K., Bragg-Gresham, J.L., Metzger, R.A., Dykstra, D.M., Gillespie, B.W., Young, E.W.,
Delmonico, F.L., Wynn, J.J., Merion, R.M., Wolfe, R.A. and Held, P.J., 2002.
Donor characteristics associated with reduced graft survival: an approach to expanding the pool of
kidney donors1. Transplantation, 74(9), pp.1281-1286.
Rusul Arif, A.A. and Haider, S., 2014. A study of some biochemical changes in patients with chronic
renal failure undergoing hemodialysis. International Journal of Current Microbiology and
Applied Sciences, 3(5), pp.581-586.
Schilthuizen, S.F., Batenburg, L.F., Simonis, F. and Vercauteren, F.F., Nederlandse Organisatie voor
Toegepast Natuurwetenschappelijk Onderzoek TNO, 2015. Device for the removal of toxic
substances from blood. U.S. Patent 9,033,908.
Schlaeper, C. and Diaz‐Buxo, J.A., 2004, March. Approaches to quotidian dialysis: the Fresenius
medical care home hemodialysis system. In Seminars in Dialysis (Vol. 17, No. 2, pp. 159-161).
Oxford, UK: Blackwell Science Inc., J.A., 2004, March. Approaches to quotidian dialysis: the
fresenius medical care home hemodialysis system. In Seminars in Dialysis (Vol. 17, No. 2, pp.
159-161). Oxford, UK: Blackwell Science Inc.
Soykan, O., Schu, C. and Chaffin, K., Medtronic Inc, 2014. Method and device to treat kidney disease.
U.S.Patent 8,641,659.
Stosovic, M., Stanojevic, M., Simic-Ogrizovic, S., Jovanovic, D. and Djukanovic, L.J., 2009. Relation
between serum urea and mortality of hemodialysis patients. Renal failure, 31(5), pp.335-340.
Tsagalis, G., 2011. Renal anemia: a nephrologist's view. Hippokratia, 15(Suppl 1), p.39.
Unruh, M., Tamura, M.K., Larive, B., Rastogi, A., James, S., Schiller, B., Gassman, J., Chan, C.,
Lockridge, R. and Kliger, A., 2011. Impact of sleep quality on cardiovascular outcomes in
hemodialysis patients: results from the frequent hemodialysis network study. American journal
of nephrology, 33(5), pp.398-406.
van Nooten, F.E., Green, J., Brown, R., Finkelstein, F.O. and Wish, J., 2010. Burden of illness for
patients with non-dialysis chronic kidney disease and anemia in the United States: review of
the literature. Journal of medical economics, 13(2), pp.241-256.
Vashistha, T., Streja, E., Molnar, M.Z., Rhee, C.M., Moradi, H., Soohoo, M., Kovesdy, C.P. and
Kalantar Zadeh, K., 2016. Red cell distribution width and mortality in hemodialysis
patients. American journal of kidney diseases, 68(1), pp.110-121.
Vivante, A., Golan, E., Tzur, D., Leiba, A., Tirosh, A., Skorecki, K. and Calderon-Margalit, R., 2012.
Body mass index in 1.2 million adolescents and risk for end-stage renal disease. Archives of
internal medicine, 172(21), pp.1644-1650.
Winocour, P.H., 2018. Diabetes and chronic kidney disease: an increasingly common multi‐morbid
disease in need of a paradigm shift in care. Diabetic Medicine, 35(3), pp.300-305.
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